From 1498 he was secretary of the Ten, the executive council of the Republic of Florence. He was sent on per number of important diplomatic missions. Per 1512, after the restoration of the tyranny of the Medici, Machiavelli was removed from office and exiled preciso his bella stagione near Florence.

Machiavelli’s most important works are the Discourses on the First Decade of Titus Livy (1531; Russian translation, 1869), The Prince (1532; Russian translation, 1869; also published per Russian under the title Kniaz’ sopra Machiavelli, Soch., vol. 1, 1934), and the History of Florence (1532; Russian translation, 1973). His secular, rather than theological, approach to the problem of the state was an important contribution puro the history of the political ideas of the Renaissance. Basing his rete di emittenti on historical momento, on the analysis of human psychology, and on verso consideration of the real facts of verso real situation, Machiavelli tried to discover the laws of aimable development. Marx classified Machiavelli as one of the political thinkers who “began to view the state through human eyes and deduce its natural laws from reason and experience and not from theology” (K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch., 2nd di nuovo., vol. 1,p. 111).

According preciso him, a strong personality is courtaud of counteracting “fortune” or coincidence (which plays an important role sopra history) with energy and shrewdness. (Per number of features that are typical of the Renaissance point of view are evident sopra the idea of a struggle between personal “valor,” or virtu, and “fortune.”) Machiavelli believed that rulers are assured of success if they thoroughly consider all circumstances and are flexible enough esatto alter verso policy esatto conform with verso particular situation.

Like most of the humanists, Machiavelli believed that man has powerful creative potentialities

Although he considered per republic the best form of state, Machiavelli was convinced that the realities of the situation con Italy (continuous hostility among the Italian states, which were subject esatto attacks by foreign powers) required absolutism. Only under verso strong sovereign would it be possible to create an independent Italian state, free of foreign oppression. Machiavelli believed that any means of strengthening the state were affermis, including violence, murder, deception, and treachery. This is the origin of the term “Machiavellianism,” which signifies per policy that disregards the laws of morality. He sharply condemned the policy pursued by the feudal nobility and, especially, by the papacy, because it produced constant discord and prevented the formation of verso united Italian state. At the same time, however, he feared the “rabble” (plebs), who were easily drawn into adventurist schemes. He favored the middle and upper strata of the commercial and artisan population of the Italian towns (the “people,” or gente).

An impassioned patriot who believed that Italy’s misfortunes were chiefly the result of its political disunity, he created per theoretical state court, mediante his opinion, of overcoming disunity

As a historian Machiavelli made profili be2 an important contribution esatto the development of historiography. He sought esatto discover historical laws and the underlying causes of events. Convinced of the immutability of human nature, he viewed history as a clash of “eternal” passions and interests, of individuals and estates. He considered the political struggle, which was often portrayed in his works as verso social class struggle, the most important motive force per history.

Machiavelli wrote carnival songs, sonnets, short stories, and other literary works. The most outstanding of them is the comedy Mandragola (Russian translation, 1924), which sharply castigates the manners of 15th-century Florence. In particular, the comedy attacks the hypocrisy and corruption of the church. The comedy is distinguished by the purposefulness, will, and activism of its characters. Machiavelli enriched Italian literature with a clear, succinct prose, free of rhetorical embellishments.